TCP/IP Stack Protocols

The TCP/IP model is a more practical implementation of networking protocols and is used in modern networks. It has four layers:

Network Access Layer (Link Layer in OSI)

• Handles the physical transmission of data over the network (similar to OSI’s Physical and Data Link layers).

• Protocols: Ethernet, ARP, PPP.

Internet Layer

• Defines addressing and routing protocols, enabling communication between networks.

• Protocols: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).

Transport Layer

• Provides end-to-end communication and error handling.

• Protocols: TCP, UDP.

Application Layer

• Supports application-level communication.

• Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS.